Should they be concerned about contracting a bloodborne infection like HBV? More of my patients are getting tattoos and body piercings. The most commonly reported risk behaviors and exposures were injection drug use (35%), multiple sex partners (23%), and surgery (10%), followed by other sexual and bloodborne risk behaviors risk behavior and exposure information were missing for 37.1% of cases. In 2019, a total of 3,192 cases of acute hepatitis B were reported to CDC, corresponding to 20,700 estimated acute infections (based on the estimated ratio of acute cases reported to actual acute cases). Other possible sources of infection include contaminated medical or dental instruments, unsafe injections, needle-stick injuries, organ transplantation, and dialysis. Transmission of HBV from transfusion of blood or blood products is rare because of donor screening and viral inactivation procedures. Transmission can occur from interpersonal contact (e.g., sharing a toothbrush or razor, contact with exudates from dermatologic lesions, or contact with HBsAg-contaminated surfaces) and in settings such as schools, child care centers, and facilities for developmentally disabled persons. HBV is transmitted efficiently by sexual contact both among heterosexuals and among men who have sex with men (MSM). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) found in breast milk is also unlikely to lead to transmission so HBV infection is not a contraindication to breastfeeding.Īmong adults in the U.S., HBV is transmitted primarily by percutaneous exposure to blood (for example, injection drug use) and sexual contact. Urine, feces, vomitus, nasopharyngeal washings, sputum, and sweat are not efficient vehicles of transmission unless they contain blood because they contain low quantities of infectious HBV. Cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, and amniotic fluid are also considered potentially infectious. Semen and vaginal secretions are infectious, and HBV also can be detected in saliva, tears, and bile. HBV is concentrated most highly in blood, and percutaneous exposure is an efficient mode of transmission. HBV is transmitted through percutaneous (through the skin), mucosal, or non-intact skin exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Persons with chronic HBV infection (those with persistent hepatitis B surface antigen in the serum for at least 6 months) serve as the main reservoir for HBV transmission. How is hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmitted? If signs or symptoms of illness occur, they begin an average of 90 days (range: 60–150 days) after exposure to HBV. How long does it take to show signs of illness after a person becomes infected with HBV? People with chronic (life-long) HBV infection might have no symptoms, have no evidence of liver disease, or have a range of disease from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, a type of liver cancer. People who have such signs or symptoms generally feel quite ill and might need to be hospitalized. When present, signs and symptoms of hepatitis B might include nausea, lack of appetite, tiredness, muscle, joint, or abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea or vomiting, headache, dark urine, clay-colored stools, and yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice). Children younger than age 5 years and newly infected immunosuppressed adults rarely show any symptoms. What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B?Ībout 30%–50% people who are 5 years of age or older with acute (recently acquired) hepatitis B have initial signs or symptoms when infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV).
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